在日常的維修工作中，醫(yī)用內窺鏡系統(tǒng)故障時有發(fā)生，常見故障主要分為圖像顯示故障、內窺鏡故障、其他配套設備和器械故障。

In daily maintenance work, medical endoscope system failures often occur, and common failures are mainly divided into image display failures, endoscope failures, and other supporting equipment and instrument failures.

圖像顯示故障

Image display failure

圖像顯示故障主要包括圖像異常顯示和監(jiān)視器無圖像。

Image display faults mainly include abnormal image display and no image on the monitor.

（1） 圖像異常顯示

(1) Abnormal image display

故障現(xiàn)象為監(jiān)視器有圖像輸出，但圖像出現(xiàn)水平或垂直彩色條紋干擾、彩色雪花狀閃爍等，故障分析及處理如下：

The fault phenomenon is that the monitor has image output, but the image shows horizontal or vertical color stripe interference, color snowflake flickering, etc. The fault analysis and handling are as follows:

首先，因檢查高清攝像頭手柄和電纜的連接點，此連接點在使用過程中反復彎曲和拉扯容易造成電纜損壞，圖像會出現(xiàn)水平或垂直彩色條紋，解決方法是更換連接線。

Firstly, due to the inspection of the connection point between the high-definition camera handle and cable, repeated bending and pulling during use can easily cause cable damage, resulting in horizontal or vertical color stripes in the image. The solution is to replace the connection line.

其次，電纜線與主機相連的插頭經過反復插拔或操作不當，容易出現(xiàn)老化腐蝕，造成接觸不良、圖像也會出此種故障，應對措施是加強規(guī)范性操作培訓和定期維護保養(yǎng)。由于手術室內的電氣化設備越來越多，特別是電刀等高頻高電流設備的應用，可能產生較小的信號干擾。尤其當電凝棒、電刀筆或連接線等器械出現(xiàn)漏電時，會出現(xiàn)每次用腳踏開關啟動電凝或電切，顯示器圖像就完全變成彩色雪花狀閃爍，松開腳踏停止輸出后圖像恢復正常。像這樣的情況，需要立刻更換一套完好電刀設備，先保證手術順利完成。同時把漏電的電凝棒、電刀筆或連接線等器械進行檢測，及時修理或更換。

Secondly, the plug connecting the cable to the host is prone to aging and corrosion after repeated insertion and removal or improper operation, resulting in poor contact and similar faults in the image. The response measures are to strengthen standardized operation training and regular maintenance. Due to the increasing number of electrified equipment in the operating room, especially the application of high-frequency and high current equipment such as electric knives, small signal interference may occur. Especially when there is electrical leakage in instruments such as electrocoagulation rods, electric knives, pens, or connecting wires, every time the foot switch is used to start electrocoagulation or electrocoagulation, the display image will completely turn into a colorful snowflake like flashing. After releasing the foot switch to stop outputting, the image will return to normal. In situations like this, it is necessary to immediately replace a set of intact electric knife equipment to ensure the smooth completion of the surgery. At the same time, detect and promptly repair or replace the leaking electric coagulation rod, electric knife pen, or connecting wire.

（2）監(jiān)視器無圖像

(2) Monitor has no image

故障現(xiàn)象主要是監(jiān)視器無圖像輸出，可以分為兩種：一種為監(jiān)視器呈黑屏狀態(tài)，無圖像，無內窺鏡視野框；另一種為監(jiān)視器有內窺鏡視野框，但無圖像。

The main fault phenomenon is that the monitor has no image output, which can be divided into two types: one is that the monitor is in a black screen state, with no image or endoscope field of view frame; Another type is that the monitor has an endoscopic field of view frame but no image.

、針對第一種故障現(xiàn)象，一般會考慮是否為監(jiān)視器本身故障或信號輸入故障造成?，F(xiàn)在的監(jiān)視器多為高清液晶顯示器，對監(jiān)視器進行檢查時，需測量外置 12 V 直流電源適配器是否正常供電，若無正常供電，及時更換適配器；若正常，重啟設備，觀察開機自檢畫面是否正常，如果自檢不通過則可送至專業(yè)代理商進行維修?，F(xiàn)在的醫(yī)用高清液晶顯示器技術成熟、質量可靠，一般故障率很低，出現(xiàn)無圖像現(xiàn)象的故障絕大多數(shù)是由于信號輸入故障造成的。此時，應從簡單的操作入手，先檢查液晶顯示 器的信號輸入模式是否設置正確，常用信號輸入模式有 DVI、 HDMI、S-Video、SDI 等格式，然后查看信號傳輸電纜的種類及 其在顯示器上的接入端口種類名稱來確定輸入模式，檢查顯示 器輸入菜單中的信號格式是否設置成相同，若不同則重新設置 后故障大多數(shù)可消除。反之，則需要沿著信號傳輸路徑反向檢 查，查看攝像機主機與監(jiān)視器之間的信號傳輸電纜是否脫落或 損壞，檢查攝像機主機和攝像頭是否正常工作，如果上述設備出 現(xiàn)故障，則需要及時更換備用部件并進行專業(yè)的維修。

Regarding the first fault phenomenon, it is generally considered whether it is caused by a malfunction of the monitor itself or a signal input malfunction. Nowadays, most monitors are high-definition LCD displays. When inspecting monitors, it is necessary to measure whether the external 12V DC power adapter is supplying power normally. If there is no normal power supply, replace the adapter in a timely manner; If it is normal, restart the device and observe whether the power on self-test screen is normal. If the self-test fails, it can be sent to a professional agent for repair. The current medical high-definition LCD display technology is mature and reliable in quality, with a generally low failure rate. The vast majority of failures without image phenomenon are caused by signal input faults. At this point, a simple operation should be started. First, check whether the signal input mode of the LCD display is set correctly. Common signal input modes include DVI, HDMI, S-Video, SDI, etc. Then, check the type of signal transmission cable and the name of the port connected to the display to determine the input mode. Check whether the signal format in the display input menu is set to the same, If different, most of the faults can be eliminated after resetting. On the contrary, it is necessary to check the signal transmission path in the opposite direction, check whether the signal transmission cable between the camera host and the monitor is loose or damaged, and check whether the camera host and the camera are working properly. If the above equipment malfunctions, it is necessary to replace spare parts in a timely manner and carry out professional maintenance.

、針對第二種故障現(xiàn)象，應當優(yōu)先考慮的是內窺鏡鏡子自身出現(xiàn)問題，比如各種電子軟鏡因為漏水，液體進入 CCD，造成 CDD 底座腐蝕、嚴重時 CCD 損壞、無圖像輸出。而硬鏡出現(xiàn)彎折變形、物鏡碎裂等問題時，也會造成無圖像故障。這些問題主要由于診察和手術治療中以及滅菌消毒中的不規(guī)范操作造成。例如，泌尿外科手術中使用鈥激光時，操作光纖不到位，擊穿了鏡子管路；硬鏡物鏡被高頻電刀電擊，或被動力系統(tǒng)工作部誤撞，造成物 鏡碎裂；或者消毒滅菌時不慎摔碰造成損壞等。由于自身維修技術和設備等限制，出現(xiàn)上述故障的內窺鏡大多數(shù)需要外送專業(yè)的維修公司，費時費錢。所以，規(guī)范操作十分必要，對操作人員要定期進行嚴格的培訓和考核，以減少此類故障的發(fā)生。

For the second type of malfunction, priority should be given to problems with the endoscope mirror itself, such as various electronic soft mirrors leaking water and liquid entering the CCD, causing corrosion of the CDD base, severe CCD damage, and no image output. When the hard mirror experiences bending deformation, objective lens fragmentation, and other problems, it can also cause no image failure. These problems are mainly caused by non-standard operations in diagnosis, surgical treatment, and sterilization and disinfection. For example, when using holmium laser in urological surgery, the fiber optic cable is not in place and the mirror tube is punctured; The hard lens objective is electrocuted by a high-frequency electric knife or accidentally hit by the power system working part, causing the objective to shatter; Or damage caused by accidental falls or collisions during disinfection and sterilization. Due to limitations in maintenance techniques and equipment, most endoscopes with the aforementioned malfunctions require outsourcing to professional repair companies, which is time-consuming and costly. Therefore, standardized operation is essential, and operators should receive regular and strict training and assessment to reduce the occurrence of such faults.

三、內窺鏡故障

3、 Endoscope malfunction

內窺鏡故障主要分為硬管內窺鏡故障和電子軟鏡故障兩大類。硬管內窺鏡因其結構和使用特性，故障現(xiàn)象主要以圖像性質改變呈現(xiàn)出來，表現(xiàn)有圖像暗淡、圖像模糊、圖像不全、部分為因外力因素造成鏡體明顯的變形、缺損等；電子軟鏡故障主要表現(xiàn)為漏水、水氣堵塞、角鈕虛位并彎曲角度不足、圖像偏暗等。

Endoscopic malfunctions are mainly divided into two categories: hard tube endoscopic malfunctions and electronic soft endoscope malfunctions. Due to its structure and usage characteristics, the failure phenomena of hard tube endoscopes are mainly manifested by changes in image properties, such as dim images, blurred images, incomplete images, and obvious deformation and defects of the endoscope body caused by external forces; The main manifestations of electronic soft mirror faults are water leakage, water vapor blockage, insufficient bending angle of corner buttons, and dark images.

（1） 硬管內窺鏡故障

(1) Hard tube endoscope malfunction

故障現(xiàn)象有圖像暗淡、圖像模糊、圖像不全、因外力因素造成鏡體明顯變形、缺損等，故障分析及處理措施如下：

The fault phenomena include dim images, blurred images, incomplete images, obvious deformation and defects of the mirror body caused by external forces. The fault analysis and handling measures are as follows:

圖像暗淡.先檢查冷光源和光纖是否正常，如果冷光源燈泡累計使用時間已經到達500 h，光纖有明顯斷裂或有明顯暗點，都應及時更換。以上兩部件沒問題時，大多為內窺鏡導光束接頭受到污染發(fā)黑、發(fā)黃，解決方法是清洗內窺鏡傳像系統(tǒng)

The image is dim. First, check if the cold light source and fiber optic are normal. If the cold light source bulb has been used for 500 hours and there are obvious fractures or dark spots in the fiber optic, it should be replaced in a timely manner. When there are no issues with the above two components, most of them are due to contamination, blackening, and yellowing of the endoscope beam connector. The solution is to clean the endoscope imaging system

圖像模糊.大多數(shù)情況下是因為長時間的使用，寶石保護玻璃磨損老化引起，有時也因為物鏡的密封性破壞造成，定期做好維護保養(yǎng)可以有效預防故障發(fā)生。

Image blurring. In most cases, it is caused by long-term use, wear and aging of the gemstone protective glass, and sometimes damage to the sealing of the objective lens. Regular maintenance can effectively prevent malfunctions from occurring.

圖像不全.此故障多數(shù)是因內窺鏡內部柱狀透鏡斷裂或 崩邊等引起，而人為的摔碰、撞擊等是造成這種損害的主要原因，所在硬管內窺鏡的使用、運輸、消毒等過程中，需要輕拿輕放并做好保護措施。

Incomplete image. This fault is mostly caused by the breakage or edge collapse of the cylindrical lens inside the endoscope, and human impact is the main cause of this damage. During the use, transportation, disinfection, and other processes of the hard tube endoscope, it is necessary to handle it with care and take protective measures.

因外力因素造成鏡體明顯變形、缺損。此種故障相對嚴重，一般會并發(fā)上述 3 種故障，甚至造成無圖像輸出。主要原因為： 操作人員使用鈥激光、高頻電刀、動力系統(tǒng)等設備時不慎打傷物鏡，造成前端缺損；操作鏡子與鞘管連接時未對準位置，然后在調整視野或插拔時用力過猛，造成變形；消毒滅菌時不慎撞擊、摔碰亦可造成。因此，加強操作人員規(guī)范化培訓可以減少故障發(fā)生。

Due to external forces, the mirror body undergoes significant deformation and defects. This type of fault is relatively serious, usually accompanied by the above three types of faults, and even results in no image output. The main reason is that the operator accidentally injured the objective lens while using equipment such as holmium laser, high-frequency electric knife, and power system, resulting in front-end defects; Improper alignment of the mirror and sheath during operation, and excessive force during adjustment of the field of view or insertion and removal, resulting in deformation; Accidental impact or fall during disinfection and sterilization can also cause damage. Therefore, strengthening standardized training for operators can reduce the occurrence of faults.

電子軟鏡故障

Electronic soft mirror malfunction

故障現(xiàn)象有漏水、水氣堵塞、角鈕虛位并彎曲角度不足、圖像偏暗等。故障分析及處理如下：

The fault symptoms include water leakage, water vapor blockage, missing and insufficient bending angle of the corner knob, and dark image. The fault analysis and handling are as follows:

漏水。電子軟鏡故障以漏水為常見，泄漏點可出現(xiàn)在很多部位：彎曲橡皮處因老化、劃痕、戳刺等破損出現(xiàn)針孔漏水； 插入管因老化、劃傷等破損出現(xiàn)漏水；鉗道管磨損、刺破漏水；角度旋鈕處密封圈老化漏水；按鈕老化破損漏水等。簡單有效的應對和處理方法是做好測漏，這樣可以及時發(fā)現(xiàn)漏水故障和漏水部位，停用鏡子并馬上進行維修，避免故障進一步擴大。

Leakage. The common malfunction of electronic soft mirrors is water leakage, which can occur in many parts: needle hole leakage occurs at the bent rubber due to aging, scratches, punctures, and other damages; The insertion tube leaks due to aging, scratches, and other damages; Wear, puncture, and leakage of the clamp pipe; The sealing ring at the angle knob is aging and leaking water; Button aging, damage, water leakage, etc. A simple and effective response and handling method is to do a good job of leak detection, which can timely detect water leakage faults and areas, stop using the mirror and immediately carry out maintenance to avoid further expansion of the problem.

水氣堵塞。水氣堵塞故障時有發(fā)生，特別以腸鏡為主。大多因為先端水氣噴嘴被污物堵塞引起，用正確的方法卸下噴嘴，裁剪細長 X 光膠片，用 X 光膠片拉扯穿過噴嘴數(shù)次來清除里面污物，有時還需要用水槍、氣槍對氣水管路進行沖洗數(shù)次。

Water vapor blockage. Water vapor blockage faults often occur, especially with colonoscopy. Most of the time, it is caused by the blockage of the water and gas nozzle at the front end by dirt. Remove the nozzle using the correct method, cut the thin and long X-ray film, and use the X-ray film to pull through the nozzle several times to remove the dirt inside. Sometimes, it is also necessary to rinse the air and water pipeline several times with a water gun or air gun.

角鈕虛位并彎曲角度不足。因為長時間的使用，角度鋼絲會出現(xiàn)老化變松，牽拉位置變化，造成調節(jié)角度時，一開始旋轉角鈕沒有角度變化，出現(xiàn)虛位同時還會造成彎曲角度不足。不規(guī)范操作是此類故障發(fā)生的重要原因，如調節(jié)角度時用力過猛過快或角度到達限位后仍然強行調節(jié)，嚴重時會出現(xiàn)鋼絲斷開。定期對操作人員開展規(guī)范化操作培訓和對鏡子進行維護保養(yǎng)是重要的預防應對方法。

The corner button is missing and the bending angle is insufficient. Due to long-term use, the angle steel wire will age and become loose, and the pulling position will change. When adjusting the angle, the initial rotation of the angle knob will not change the angle, resulting in a virtual position and insufficient bending angle. Unstandardized operation is an important cause of such faults, such as excessive or rapid force when adjusting the angle, or forcefully adjusting the angle even after reaching the limit, which can lead to wire breakage in severe cases. Regular standardized operation training for operators and maintenance of mirrors are important preventive measures.

圖像偏暗。檢查冷光源的亮度、內鏡導光束情況、監(jiān)視器亮度及對比度的設置。燈泡達到使用累計時間、導光束出現(xiàn)老化 斷裂后需要及時更換，監(jiān)視器亮度及對比度設置好后無需改變。

The image is dark. Check the brightness of the cold light source, the condition of the endoscopic guide beam, and the setting of the monitor brightness and contrast. The light bulb needs to be replaced in a timely manner after reaching its cumulative usage time and the guide beam has aged and broken. After setting the brightness and contrast of the monitor, there is no need to change it.

其他常見的配套設備和器械故障

Other common malfunctions of supporting equipment and instruments

氣腹機故障，主要為壓力錯誤和流量不正確報警，前者是設備內部高低壓閥故障造成，更換壓力傳感器或更換受到油污染的隔膜墊后可以解決；后者是氣體流量傳感器出現(xiàn)偏差或損壞造成，可以對出現(xiàn)偏差的流量傳感器進行校準或更換新的流量傳感器來解決。

The main faults of the pneumoperitoneum machine are pressure errors and incorrect flow rate alarms. The former is caused by internal high and low pressure valve failures, which can be solved by replacing the pressure sensor or replacing the diaphragm pad contaminated with oil; The latter is caused by deviation or damage to the gas flow sensor, which can be calibrated or replaced with a new flow sensor to solve the problem.

動力系統(tǒng)故障，主要為輸出動力不足或無輸出故障，大多數(shù)是動力手柄內電機和傳動軸承老化磨損或手柄電纜線損壞 造成的，做好消毒滅菌時的防護和定期的維護保養(yǎng)可以預防此類故障發(fā)生。

Power system failures are mainly caused by insufficient or no output power, and most of them are caused by aging and wear of the motor and transmission bearings inside the power handle, or damage to the handle cables. Proper protection during disinfection and sterilization, as well as regular maintenance, can prevent such failures from occurring.

高頻電刀故障，主要有腳踏開關無反應、連接線斷、電刀漏電等，做好定期維護檢測可以減少此類故障發(fā)生。

High frequency electric knife faults mainly include unresponsive foot switches, broken connecting wires, and electric knife leakage. Regular maintenance and testing can reduce the occurrence of such faults.